UNIT III - ECONOMIES AND LIVELIHOODS SOLUTIONS
A. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. Trace the history of industrialization in Britain.
Ans: History of Industrialization in Britain:
i) Industrialization began in Britain in the middle of the 18th century. The agricultural revolution had resulted into the creation of many displaced farm workers in Britain. Some of them were hired by rich farmers and some of them switched over to spinning and weaving.
ii) In the 19th century, steam power and various spinning and weaving machines completely revolutionized the manufacture and transport systems of Britain. Thus, many workers thronged into the factories for their livelihood.
iii) Initially, industrialization in Britain was confined to the textile industries but by the beginning of the 20th century, the whole process of industrial production was changed with the use of new scientific technologies in industries.
iv) Use of electricity and improved means of transport and communication greatly helped in further growth of industries in Britain. Many industries began to use interchangeable parts and machinery.
v) After the Second World War, the process of mass production in Britain began at a great speed with the use of more advanced machinery. With the progress of industrialization, a large number of Labour Unions came up in Britain and many changes were gradually brought to the life of the industrial workers.
Q2. How did the British Industrial Workers live during the 19th century?
Ans: The British Industrial Workers lived during the 19th century:
i) There was a change from domestic or handicraft industry to the factory system which led to the loss of independence of the workers.
ii) The factory worker had to work for long hours and he had to leave his little firm.
iii) The worker was compelled to live near factories which were in crowded slums.
iv) The worker was forced to work continuously at the pace set by the machine. It was a great
hardship for women and children industrial workers.
v) The skilled workers had to work for the same wage as unskilled workers.
Q3. How did the process of Industrialisation begin in India?
Ans: The process of Industrialisation in India:
i) The process of industrialisation began in India during the second half of the 19th century.
ii) In the beginning, Industrialisation in India was confined to the establishment of cotton and Jute mills. The Cotton Textile Mills were established by the Indians in Maharashtra and Gujarat, whereas the Jute Industries were concentrated in Bengal.
iii) One of the main problems of industrialisation in India was the supply of capital. But, when the British rule was firmly established in India, there began free flow of British capital in India and it enabled the Indian industries to develop further.
iv) With introduction of modern industries in India, new methods of production using machines replaced the use of manual labour and hand operated tools. Consequently, Indian industries migrated from homes to Mills and factories.
v) In the beginning of the 20th century, Iron and Steel Industry began to take roots in India.
Other smaller Industries like sugar, cement and paper, etc. also came up after the Second World
War.
Q4. How far did Industrialisation in India affect her Handicraft Industries?
Ans: Industrialisation in India affected her Handicraft Industries:
i) With introduction of modern Industries, new methods of production using machines replaced the use of manual labour and hand operated tools.
ii) Industrialization displaced highly individualistic nature of production on which craftsmen were the producers.
iii)The caste-based handicraft Industries could no longer maintained entity and monopoly. The Indian handicraft Industries migrated from homes to mills and factories.
iv) Industrialization on modern lines led to large-scale unemployment in India. But, in the long run, production by machines gave rise to a number of other supporting industries, which provided job opportunities to a number of displaced craftsmen.
v) Despite various odds, the Indian handicraft Industries could not be completely wiped out.
Q5. How was the life of the Indian Industrial Workers during the late 19th and early 20th century?
Ans: The life of the Indian Industrial Workers during the late 19th and early 20th century:
i) The life of the Indian industrial workers was not happy. The death rate and infant mortality rates were high in industrial towns and cities.
ii) Housing conditions were never thought of by the management. Workers’ family life was bad while factory life was no better.
iii) Factories were not well ventilated or lighted enough. The average worker had to toil for more than twelve hours a day. They were not provided any kind of medical facilities.
iv) Provision for education of workers’ children was almost nil. The legislation to ensure benefits to workers was very low.
v) During the First World War, prices of commodities increased and the workers could not afford to purchase even the essential items for their living. The merchants and factory owners never cared for the welfare of the workers. Thus, many labour movements took place.
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. What do you mean by Industrialisation?
Ans: Industrialisation means the adoption of industrial methods of production and manufacturing by a country or a group of countries with all the associated changes in lifestyle, transport and social aspects
.
Q2. Mention the important inventions that helped the growth of Textile Industries in Britain.
Ans: The important inventions that helped the growth of Textile Industries in Britain:
Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Mule, Power Loom, Cylinder printing and Steam Engine etc. were the important inventions that helped in the growth of textile industries in Britain.
Q3. Write important demands of the Labour Unions in Britain during the early part of Industrialisation.
Ans: i) The Labour Unions in Britain demanded improved working conditions and wages.
ii) They also sought to benefit themselves by political action. For example, they fought against the English laws of 1799 and 1800 forbidding labour Unions.
iii) They struggled to win the right to vote and to extend their political power.
Q4. What is "Laissez-Faire"?
Ans: i) Laissez faire was the doctrine that state interference in industry and Commerce should be kept
to a minimum level.
ii) Adam Smith advocated this policy as an alternative to the restrictions of the mercantilism of his time.
iii) It had a great influence in Britain until the second half of the 19th Century and factory owners could therefore arrange working conditions in whatever way they wished.
Q5. What was the fate of child labourers employed by the British Industries during the early days of Industrialisation in Britain.
Ans: i) Children could tend most of the machines as well as other persons could. They could be hired
for less wages.
ii) They were made to work for 12 to 14 hours a day under terrible conditions.
Q6. Write a note on the Cotton Textile Industry of India.
Ans: The Modern Cotton Textile Industry began in India with the establishment of a Cotton Mill at a place call Bowrea near Calcutta in 1818. But the actual beginning of the Modern Cotton Textile Industry in India is identified with the establishment of a Cotton Mill at Bombay in 1854.The progress of Modern Cotton Textile Industry was further strengthened by the establishment of the Empress Cotton Mill in 1887 at Nagpur by Jamshedji Tata.
Q7. How was the Jute Industry developed in India?
Ans: i) Jute industries were developed in India during the last decade of the 19th century. Most of the
jute mills were established in Bengal by the Europeans, particularly the Britishers.
ii) With the use of hundreds of power looms in the Jute mills of Bengal jute industry became a huge profit earning industry.
iii) The Indian jute industry developed further with increasing demand of jute products in the world market after Second World War.
Q8. How did Iron and Steel Industry begin in India?
Ans: i) The iron and steel industry began in India with establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company at Jamshedpur in modern day Jharkhand by the sons of Jamshedji Tata in 1907.
ii) Indian Iron and Steel Company (ISCO) in West Bengal and the Mysore Iron and Steel Company (MISCO) in Karnataka came up in 1919 and 1923 respectively.
iii) During the second five year plan period, three big Iron and Steel Plants were commissioned at Bhilai in modern day Chhattisgarh, Rourkela in Orissa and Durgapur in West Bengal.
Q9. Write a note on the supply of capital for industrialization in Colonial India.
Ans: The supply of capital for industrialization in Colonial India: One of the main problems of industrialization in India was the supply of capital until 1850, British capital was not invested in Indian industries for certain risks and unknown factors. Similarly, Indian capital was also not invested for different reasons. But, when the British rule was firmly established in India, there began free flow of the British capital in India. By the 20th century, more and more Indian capital began to be invested in Indian industries. Capital for Cotton textile industry and iron and steel industries were invested mainly by Indians whereas the capital of Jute industry was equally invested by the British and the Indians.
Q10. How did Trade Unions form in India?
Ans: i) Increasing prices of commodities during the First World War and miserable living and working conditions of the Indian workers led to the formation of Trade Unions in India.
ii) The Indian Trade Union got the membership of the International Labour Organization in 1919. Then, the All India Trade Union Congress was established by N.M. Joshi in 1921.
iii) The Trade Union of India was legalised by the Trade Union Act of 1926.
Q11. Write a note on the All India Trade Union Congress.
Ans: The All India Trade Union Congress was established by N.M. Joshi in 1921. Joshi worked as its General Secretary during 1925-1929 and 1940-1948. The All India Trade Union Congress had a split in 1929. The moderates formed the All India Trade Union Federation. The All India Trade Union Congress was again revived with the amalgamation of the two unions into a single organization in 1938.
C. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. Who invented the “Flying Shuttle”?
Ans: John Kay.
Q2. What is a Patent?
Ans: A Patent is an exclusive right officially granted by a government to an inventor to make or sell an invention.
Q3. Mention the most important invention of Richard Arkwright.
Ans: Water Frame.
Q4. What is “Mule”?
Ans: Mule is a spinning machine invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779 by combining Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny and Arkwright’s Water Frame.
Q5. When was the Power Loom patented?
Ans: 1785.
Q6. Who built the first Cast Iron Bridge?
Ans: The first cast iron bridge was built by Abraham, grandson of Darby Abraham who,
founded the Bristol Iron Company in 1708.
Q7. What is Puddling?
Ans: Puddling is a method of processing pig iron to convert the wrought iron by heating in a furnace.
Q8. What is Pig-Iron?
Ans: Pig-Iron is a crude form of iron made in a blast furnace and shaped into rough blocks for storage and transportation.
Q9. What do you mean by “Wrought Iron”?
Ans: Wrought Iron is a highly refined form of iron that is easy to shape but it is strong and fairly resistant to rust.
Q10. Name the place where the first Cotton Mill in India was established.
Ans: Bowrea near Calcutta (Kolkata).
Q11. Where was the Empress Cotton Mill established?
Ans: Nagpur
Q12. Who established the Tata Iron and Steel Company?
Ans: Jamshedji Tata
Q13. In which year did the Bombay Mill Hands’ Association form?
Ans: 1890
Q14. Which political party established the Indian Trade Union Congress?
Ans: Congress party.
EXTRA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Q1. From which country did the Great Economic Depression (1929-1939) originate?
Ans: The Great Economic Depression (1929-1939) originated from the United States of America.
Q2. What is the key industry which lay the foundation of rapid industrialization in India?
Ans: Iron and Steel Industry.
Q3. For what purpose was the Industrial Disputes Act passed in 1947?
Ans: The Industrial Disputes Act was passed in 1947 to settle disputes through workers, committees and officers.
Q4. Give one reason why Indian Jute Industry got a shock in 1947?
Ans: With the Partition of India in 1947, nearly 75% of Jute producing areas of India became part of erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
Q5. Give the full form of TISCO.
Ans: Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)
Q6. Name the two sectors into which Indian Workers were classified.
Ans: i) Formal Sector (Organised) ii) Informal Sector (Unorganised)
Q7. State the cause of the Great Economic Depression of 1929.
Ans: i) Over production by the competitive industrial production by the Western Countries.
ii) Low purchasing power of the people.
Q8. State any three consequences of the Great Economic Depression of 1929-1939 in England.
Ans: i) England could not continue to lead industrial production.
ii) The British monopoly in industry and trade was in the condition of deteriorating situation.
iii)The underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa and South America which took loans from Britain for their development activities were now to rely on their own economic resources.
Q9. “Under the colonial rule, Indian industry had no sound base”. Justify this statement.
Ans: i) The British intended to reduce India to the status of mere exporter of important raw materials for feeding British industries.
ii) They thought of turning India into an extensive market for the British manufactured goods.
Q10. What steps were taken up for the welfare of the Indian Workforce?
Ans: i) In 1947, the Industrial Disputes Act was passed to settle disputes through workers, committees and officers.
ii) Employees’ State Insurance Corporation Act was passed to improve the conditions of workers.