UNIT – I EVENTS AND PROCESSES SOLUTIONS
A. Long Answer Type Questions
Q.1. What steps did the French Revolution take to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people?
Ans: The French Revolution took the following steps:-
(i) The ideas of “La Patrie” (Father land) and “Le Citozen” (Citizen) based on the Nation of a united people enjoying equal rights under a constitution were introduced.
(ii) A new French flag, the Tricolour (Blue, White and Red) was adopted.
(iii) The traditional Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly.
(iv) New anthems were composed and oaths were taken.
(v) Martyrs were commemorated all in the names of the nation.
(vi) A Centralized Government and uniform laws for all citizens were introduced.
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the French Nation.
Q.2. Discuss the July Revolution of 1830 in France.
Ans: (i) Louis XVIII was succeeded by Charles X who was an Absolutist and Conservative Ruler under the control of the ultra-royalists.
(ii) Charles X introduced many repressive laws like disbandment of National Guards, dissolution of the chamber of Deputies ordinances suppressing the press and reducing franchise.
(iii) The liberal leaders went underground and it inspired the angry crowd of Paris to rise up and organise a three day revolution in July, 1830.
(iv) Charles X fled from France.
(v) Louis Philippe was installed as the king of the French nation.Page
Q.3. Explain why Mazzini was called the philosopher of the Italian Unification.
Ans: (i) The idea of a United Italy was first propounded by Mazzini during the early part of the 19th Century. He developed the profound thought and ideal that the “Italians could and ought to struggle for the liberty of our country”. His love for freedom led him to join a secret society called Carbonari.
(ii) During his exile to Marseilles in France in 1831, he established an organisation called “Young Italy” for the liberation of the Italian states from the foreign rule.
(iii) Through “Young Italy”, he encouraged the Italian people to believe in the unity and freedom of Italy and captured the imagination of the Italian Youth.
(iv) Through “Young Italy” he aroused national consciousness among the Italians wherever they were.
(v) In the revolution of 1849, he was elected as the Triumvir of republican Rome’. It was regarded as the greatest achievement of Mazzini in his revolutionary career.
Because of all the above points, Mazzini was called the philosopher of the Italian Unification.
Q.4. Why was the Revolution of 1848 in Europe called the Revolution of the Liberals?
Ans: The Revolution of 1848 in Europe was the Revolution of the Liberals because:-
(i) Not only the poor peasants, workers, the unemployed participated in the revolutions of 1848 but also the educated middle class participated in the revolutions to achieve the goals of creation of the nation states for their nationalities.
(ii) Monarchy was abolished by the February revolution of 1848 in France and France was declared as a Republic.
(iii) The revolution of 1848 in Germany tried to establish a German nation on the basis of
constitutional monarchy.
(iv) A constitution and freedom of press were demanded by the revolution of 1848 at
Vienna.
(v) The revolution of 1848 in Hungary demanded a separate parliamentary government
from the Austria -Hungary Empire.
Q.5. What were the major events of Revolution of 1848 in Germany?
Ans: The major events of Revolution of 1848 in Germany were as follows:-
(i) An idea of Pan-Germanism was already created by the writers, thinkers and artists in
the 39 German States.
(ii) The representatives of large number of political associations gathered at the St. Paul Church in Frankfurt and held an all German National Assembly in May 18, 1848 to create a German Nation.
The assembly was called the Frankfurt Parliament.
(iii) The parliament drafted a constitution for the German nation and offered the crown of all Germany to William -IV, the King of Prussia.
(iv) William -IV rejected the offer and ultimately joined other European monarchs to suppress the parliament.
(v) There was lack of support from the working class and the aristocracy and the military also opposed the parliament. The army was called in and the parliament was disbanded.
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Thus, the revolution of 1848 in Germany was a failure.
Q.6. Describe the role of Bismark in the Unification of Germany.
Ans: The role of Bismark in the Unification of Germany:-
(i) Bismark played a very important role in the process of Unification of Germany and for this, he was also called the Architect of the Unification of Germany.
(ii) After the failure of revolution of 1848, Prussia took up the leadership of German Unification movement under its Chief Minister Otto-Von-Bismark.
(iii) He fought three wars in seven years with Austria, Denmark and France with the help from the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(iv) These three wars ended in the Prussian Victory and completed the process of unification of the German states.
(v) On 18thJanuary, 1871, Prussian king Kaiser William-I was proclaimed as the emperor of the new German Empire.
Q.7. Explain how the Polish Nationalist spirit was preserved in Poland.
Ans: The Polish Nationalist spirit was preserved in Poland in the following ways:-
(i) After the occupation of Poland by the Russians, the Polish language was forced out of the schools and the Russian language was imposed. There was an armed rebellion but it was crushed by the Russian rule in 1831.
(ii) After the failure of rebellion, the Polish language began to be used as a weapon of national resistance in the churches of Poland. They used Polish language as a medium of religious instruction in the churches.
(iii) A large number of priest and bishops were imprisoned or exiled to Siberia as a punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian language.
(iv) The Polish people were never reconciled to the Russian rule and there were further rebellions in 1837, 1846 and 1848.
(v) The most serious rebellion of the Polish people occurred in 1863 and they were successful in the revival of the polish language and literature.
Q.8. What were the main centres of revolution in Austria -Hungary in 1848?
Ans: The main centres of revolution in Austria Hungary in 1848 were:-
(i) The first revolution broke out in Vienna and it demanded a constitution and Freedomof Press. The revolution compelled Metternich, the chancellor of Austria Hungary to resign and to flee to England.
(ii) The second revolution occurred in Italy. It occurred from Milan to Venice and led to a war in Piedmont and Sardinia.
(iii) The third revolution broke out in Prague in Bohemia. The Revolutionaries opposed the merger of Bohemia with all German states and wanted to reconstitute a federal empire.
(iv) The fourth revolution broke out in Budapest where the Hungarian or the Magyar people demanded a separate parliamentary government. Feudalism, serfdom and privileges were abolished in Hungary.
(v) The fifth revolution took place in Agrama where small nationalities like the Croats Slavonics and Serbs revolted against the Magyarization of Hungary.
B. Short answer type questions
Q.1. Against whom the Greek war of Independence was fought? When was the independence of Greece achieved?
Ans: (i) The Greek war of Independence was fought against the Ottoman Empire
(ii) The independence of Greece was achieved from the Ottoman Empire under the treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
Q.2. What were the achievements of the Young Italy?
Ans: (i) It captured the imagination of the Italian youth.
(ii) It aroused national consciousness among the Italians wherever they were and encouraged them to believe in Unity and Freedom of Italy.
Q.3. Explain the ideology of Count Cavour in the unification of Italy.
Ans: (i) He was neither a democrat nor a revolutionary.
(ii) He was a member of educated Italian elite who engineered a tactful diplomatic relation with France in the Italian unification.
Q.4. What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
Ans: In May, 1848 the representatives of a large number of political associations gathered at the St. Paul church in Frankfurt and held an all German National Assembly to create a German nation based on constitutional monarchy. This assembly was known as the Frankfurt Parliament.
Q.5. What was the contribution of Garibaldi to the unification of Italy?
Ans: (i) Garibaldi organised armed volunteers and succeeded in driving away the Spanish from the two kingdoms of Sicily in 1860.
(ii) He handed over the conquered kingdom to Victor Emmanuel-II, the King of Sardinia Piedmont.
(iii) Because of his patriotism, he was popularly called the “Knight Errant” of the Italian Unification.
Q.6. What was the status of the Pope of Rome after the United Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed.
Ans: (i) The Pope of Rome shut himself up in the Vatican City.
(ii) Italy declared the Vatican City as a sovereign country and the Pope as its head.
Q.7. What was Magyarization policy in Hungary?
Ans: There were different nationalities in Hungary. The majority of the inhabitants of Hungary were the Magyars. They imposed their language, way of life and education on the non- Magyar people of Hungary. This was the Magyarization policy in Hungary.
Q.8. What was the role of language in national movements in Europe?
Ans: (i) In Poland, the polish language was used as a weapon of national resistance against the Russian rule.
(ii) In Hungary, the Magyar linguistic nationalism based on the political autonomy was responsible for the success of the Magyar nationalism.
C. Very Short-Answer type Questions
Q.1. Where and when the unified German empire was proclaimed?
Ans: The unified German empire was proclaimed at the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France on January 18, 1871.
Q.2. Who was Metternich?
Ans: Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria who architects the Vienna settlement of 1815.
Q.3. What was Carbonari?
Ans: Carbonari was a secret society which aimed at the abolition of the absolutist rule in different kingdoms and states in Italy.
Q.4. Who were the Magyars?
Ans: The Magyars were the main nationality of Hungary who formed the majority of the
inhabitants of the Kingdom.
Q.5. Who was Louis Philippe?
Ans: Louis Philippe was the king of France just after the July Revolution of 1830.
Q.6. When was Louis Napoleon enthroned in France?
Ans: Louis Napoleon was enthroned in 1848.
Q.7. What was the Prussian Zollverein?
Ans: The Prussian Zollverein was a small tariff agreement concluded in 1819 among Prussia and other German states.
Q.8. Name the King of Germany at the time of German Unification?
Ans: Kaiser William-I
Q.9. Who was Beethoven?
Ans: Beethoven was a great German Musician who influenced the growth of nationalism in German regions.
Q.10. Who was the “knight-errant” of the Italian unification?
Ans: Garibaldi.
EXTRA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q.1. Which section of the society greatly demanded economic liberalism in 19th Century Europe?
Ans: The emerging middle class greatly demanded economic liberalism.
Q.2. State the aim of the Vienna settlement.
Ans: The Vienna settlement aimed at the destruction of what French Revolution and Napoleon stood for.
Q.3. Which country was called the cradle of European civilization?
Ans: Greece.
Q.4. Mention the name of the state which took the leadership of the German unification.
Ans: Prussia.
Q.5. When was the Communist Manifesto published?
Ans: 1848.
Q.6. How did the process of the unification of Italy completed?
Ans: The process of Italian unification was completed by defeating France in the FrancoPrussian War of 1870-71 and after withdrawal of French forces from Rome.
Q.7. Name the War that completed the process of the unification of both Germany and Italy.
Ans. Franco – Prussian War, 1870-71
Q.8. State the results of the French Revolution of 1789.
Ans: (i) It brought about destruction of the French monarchy and feudal system.
(ii) The sovereignty of the state was captured by a body of French Citizens.
Q.9. Give example to prove that Nationalist Movements were also organised in NonEuropean countries.
OR Mention two classic cases of national movements of modern times which shaped the future of the contemporary world.
Ans: (i) There was great freedom struggle of India under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
(ii) Ho-Chi Minh struggled hard for the Liberation of Vietnam.
Q.10. Write one effect each of the July Revolution of 1830 in Belgium and in Greece.
Ans: (i) Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.
(ii) Greece achieved its independence in 1832.
Q.11. What were the repressive laws introduced by Charles X?
Ans: (i) Disbandment of the National Guards.
(ii) Dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies.
(iii) Ordinances suppressing the press and reducing the franchise.
Q.12. Name the Journal and the Paper founded by Mazzini.
Ans: (i) Journal – Thought and Action
(ii) Paper – Rome of the People
Q.13. Name the revolution that broke out in France in 1830 and 1848.
Ans. 1830 - July Revolution
1848 – February Revolution.
Q.14. What did Liberalism stand for?
Ans. Liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality of all before the laws. It was based on the concept of Government by consent.
Q.15. State how the Vienna Settlement of 1815 affect the Liberal-Nationalist Movement in Europe?
Ans. Under the Vienna Settlement of 1815, the conservative forces returned to power in Europe.
New states based on absolutist political system were created to surround France.
The conservative regime was against freedom and equality.
Q.16. State the results of the revolution of 1848 in France.
Ans. (i) The Revolution of 1848 abolished monarchy and declared France a Republic
(ii) Suffrage was granted to all male adults above 21 years.
(iii) National workshops were setup.
Q.17. Why did the revolution of 1848 in the Austrian Empire fail?
Ans. (i) The revolution in the five centres of the Austrian Empire neither co-ordinated nor
collaborated with each other.
(ii) There was lack of unity among the revolutionaries.